翻訳と辞書
Words near each other
・ Social business
・ Social Business Channel
・ Social business model
・ Social Business Trust
・ Social butterfly
・ Social Call
・ Social capital
・ Social Capital (venture capital)
・ Social Capital Entertainment
・ Social Capital Films
・ Social care in England
・ Social care in Scotland
・ Social care in the United Kingdom
・ Social Care Institute for Excellence
・ Social cataloging application
Social caterpillars
・ Social center
・ Social Centre Party
・ Social centres in the United Kingdom
・ Social change
・ Social character
・ Social chauvinism
・ Social Choice and Individual Values
・ Social Choice and Welfare
・ Social choice theory
・ Social Christian Conservative Party
・ Social Christian Party
・ Social Christian Party (Bolivia)
・ Social Christian Party (Brazil)
・ Social Christian Party (Ecuador)


Dictionary Lists
翻訳と辞書 辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ]
スポンサード リンク

Social caterpillars : ウィキペディア英語版
Social caterpillars

The collective behaviors of social caterpillars falls into five general categories: collective and cooperative foraging, group defense against predators and parasitoids, shelter building, thermoregulation and substrate silking to enhance steadfastness.
The most behaviorally sophisticated of the insect societies are found among the ants, termites, bees, and wasps. While these insects are technically classified as eusocial insects they are commonly referred to simply as the social insects. In this scheme of classification, other non-eusocial, gregarious species of insects are referred to as presocial, subsocial, quasisocial, or in some other manner that has the unfortunate consequence of suggesting that are not quite social. Yet a significant number of insect species that do not possess the defining criteria of eusociality are by any other standard of classification clearly social and it is in this sense of the term, that employed by zoologists in general, that larval aggregates of moths, butterflies and sawflies are considered social insects.
The sibling societies of caterpillars exhibit collective behaviors that vary from simple interactions to more complex forms of cooperation.
==Collective and cooperative foraging==
Social caterpillars exhibit three basic foraging patterns. Patch-restricted foragers obtain all of the food required during the social phase of their larval development from the leaves found in a single contiguous patch or from several such closely spaced patches. The foraging arena is typically well defined by a protective silk envelope or by leaves bound together. On large trees, patches usually consist of the leaves found on a part of a branch, an entire branch, or on several closely situated branches. But on small trees and herbaceous plants the entire host may eventually be enveloped. Although there have been no surveys to determine the proportion of social caterpillars that exhibit each of these foraging patterns, patch-restricted foraging is probably the most common and also the least complex. Well known examples of patch restricted foragers include the ''Euonymus'' caterpillar, ''Yponomeuta cagnagella'' and the ugly nest caterpillar, ''Archips cerasivoranus''. The fall webworm ''Hyphantria cunea'', is a patch restricted forager during the initial stages of its development.
Nomadic foragers establish only temporary resting sites and make frequent moves from one patch to another. The forest tent caterpillar, ''Malacosoma disstria'' and the spiny elm caterpillar, ''Nymphalis antiopa'' are nomadic foragers.
Central-place foragers construct a permanent or semi-permanent shelter from which they launch intermittent forays to distant sites in search of food. Between bouts of feeding the caterpillars rest at the shelter. The best known of the social caterpillars that are central place foragers include the tent caterpillars other than ''M. disstria'', and the processionary caterpillars of Europe (''Thaumetopoea'') and Australia (''Ochrogaster'').
The most sophisticated form of cooperative foraging exhibited by caterpillars is recruitment communication in which caterpillars recruit siblings to their trails and to their food-finds by marking pathways with pheromones much in the manner of ants and termites. The most sophisticated examples of recruitment communication have been described from the tent caterpillars (''Malacosoma''). Eastern tent caterpillars (''M. americanum''), for example, utilize a trail-based system of elective recruitment communication that enables the colonies to exploit the most profitable feeding sites.

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
ウィキペディアで「Social caterpillars」の詳細全文を読む



スポンサード リンク
翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース

Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.